RMS Voltage Converter
Convert between RMS, peak and average voltage for eight waveforms, with frequency and pulse duration for pulse trains.
Inputs and reverse calculation
Calculated results
| RMS voltage | 230 V |
|---|---|
| Peak voltage | 325.269 V |
| Average voltage | 0 V |
How to interpret the result
RMS describes a voltage’s heating effect in a resistor and generally differs from its arithmetic mean. This page models stable periodic ideal waveforms and uses the voltage field you edit as the inverse input. The positive square option is a unipolar 0-to-peak pulse train with duty cycle d=fT.
Formulas and units
Vrms=√((1/P)∫v²dt). Sine: Vpk=√2Vrms. Full rectification: Vavg=0.637Vpk. Half rectification: Vrms=Vpk/2 and Vavg=0.318Vpk. Offset sine: Vrms²=Voff²+Vpk²/2. Half-sine, rectangular and sawtooth pulses use Vrms=Vpk√(d/2), Vpk√d and Vpk√(d/3). Trapezoid: Vrms=Vpk√(f(B+2T)/3), Vavg=Vpk·f(B+T)/2; B is base width and T is flat-top width.
Worked example
A 230 Vrms sine has a peak of about 325.269 V and a zero mean. A 10 V peak rectangular pulse at 1 kHz with a 250 µs width has 25% duty cycle, 5 Vrms and a 2.5 V average.
Scope and limitations
The mean of a sine or offset sine does not determine its amplitude, so average is read-only. Offset-mode peak means AC amplitude; actual extrema are offset±amplitude. Rectangular and sawtooth models are unipolar and cannot be used directly for ±V bipolar waves. Trapezoid B/T semantics and half-wave average inversion follow consistent equations, without device-by-device verification. Invalid timing or offset is rejected without clamping.
Common questions
Why can equal RMS voltages have different peaks?
Waveforms spend different amounts of a period near their peak. A continuous sine peaks at √2 times RMS; a 25% duty rectangular pulse peaks at twice RMS.
Is T the period?
No. The period is 1/f. T is pulse duration, or flat-top width for a trapezoid. Base width B includes both ramps and the flat top.
How do I enter negative DC offset?
Offset accepts either sign. RMS-driven calculation requires |offset|≤RMS. When driven by AC peak, RMS=√(offset²+peak²/2).
Related tools
Formula and data sources
- Analog Devices AN-106F: RMS conversion principles
- Coilcraft: average, RMS, peak and peak-to-peak values
Rebuilt from the extracted Electrodoc Pro 5.2 specification. Added, inferred and corrected behavior is identified in the limitations. Updated 2026-11-13.